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Cascading style sheets (CSS), when linked to an HTML document, define the properties of tag elements in that document. With CSS, Web designers can control the display characteristics of a site from one central document. (Partial) CSS support was introduced with Internet Explorer 3.01 and Netscape 4.0 and has been steadily improved with successive browsers since then. See also our layout section.

WebReference Articles

How to Use CSS for Search Engine Optimization
Using external CSS files to determine the design attributes creates clean HTML code and will create better search engine rankings. With some knowledge of CSS you can change the code without destroying the visual layout. By Mikhail Tuknov. 0102
How to Create Great HTML Emails with CSS
HTML emails have great appeal and are widely used for all kinds of professional correspondence, but ensuring that your message displays correctly can be a daunting task. Fortunately, we have options. By Christian MacAuley. 1206
Browser Support for CSS
CSS rules are always interpreted by Web browsers. These standards give specifics on how browsers should display those rules — but they're not always followed. To design pages with CSS, you need to know the standards, and to understand how browsers' quirks and flaws will affect your Web design results. By Kynn Bartlett. 0912
CSS Mastery: Fixed-Width, Liquid, and Elastic Layouts and Faux Columns
So far (in the previous article), all the examples have used widths defined in pixels. This type of layout is known as fixed-width layout, or sometimes "ice layout" due to its rigid nature. This week we look at fixed-width, liquid and elastic layouts. By Andy Budd, Cameron Moll and Simon Collison. 0904
CSS Mastery: Page Layout
One of the major benefits of CSS is the ability to control page layout without needing to use presentational markup. This week you'll learn how to horizontally center a design on a page, create two and three column float based layouts and more. By Andy Budd, Cameron Moll and Simon Collison. 0828
CSS 2.1 Properties
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are used for Web page layouts and aid in separating the document's style from its structure. Used correctly, CSS can be a powerful Web design tool. This extensive reference covers all the properties of the current version. By Lee Underwood. 0616
Style Sheets 'Made' Easy
One of the biggest problems many people have with setting up a Web site is creating the cascading style sheets (CSS). If you don't know how to create a style sheet, or don't do it that often, here's an alternative. By Lee Underwood. 0526
Software Review: NoteTab Pro
If you're comfortable with HTML and CSS and don't want or need a WYSIWYG program, then NoteTab Pro may be the editor for you. Its many features and clip libraries make it an excellent choice for getting down and dirty in the midst of your code. By Lee Underwood.
Book Review: Cascading Style Sheets - Designing for the Web
Written by the creators of CSS (Hakon Wium Lie and Bert Bos), this book covers all aspects of CSS, beginning with the basics, such as the anatomy of a rule, linking styles sheets to documents and progressing to more advanced topics. By Lee Underwood. 0127
How to use CSS to Create a 'Two Step' Photographic Gallery
In the wake of his success with 'How to Create a Photographic Gallery Using CSS,' author Stu Nicholls has created a new method which doesn't require thumbnail images and has a unique two step method of display. The 'mouse hover' stage creates a half size image and the 'mouse click' creates a full size image. 0912
Book Review: Spring into HTML and CSS
Do you need to quickly get up to speed when building Web sites? Were you recently elected to create a small Web site for your company? Perhaps you work in a small office and just want a presence on the World Wide Web. Whatever your reasons this book offers a simple solution. By Lee Underwood. 0805
How to Use CSS to Solve min-width Problems in Internet Explorer
The lack of support for minimum width in Internet Explorer has caused many problems for web designers. Until now, the only way to emulate min-width is to use either JavaScript or Internet Explorer expressions (indirect JavaScript), but now there's another solution. By Stu Nicholls. 0725
How to Style an Unordered List with CSS
In this article you will learn how to style an unordered navigation list using CSS, then take it a step further and add a pop-up information box for each link item so that your visitors will get an indication of the content for the page link. By Stu Nicholls. 0708
How to Add Fluid Borders to Your Boxes with CSS
In the last tutorial you learned how to style a definition list. This week, you'll delve deeper into this process and learn how to add different fluid borders to your boxes using just CSS. By Stu Nicholls. 0523
Spring Into HTML & CSS: Working with Color and Images Using CSS
Color options in CSS include hexadecimal color, hexadecimal shorthand color, RGB color, etc. Using images, you can create beautiful layouts without the constraints of tables. This week, you'll learn how to apply images to backgrounds and elements, and how to use images for a range of visual techniques. By Addison-Wesley Professional. 0516
How to Style a Definition List with CSS
Many tutorials on the styling of CSS lists for menus use unordered lists, but these can be difficult to understand since extra styling is needed to remove the bullets. This week, you'll learn how to style a Definition List, which is equally suitable for menus, but is a little easier to understand. By Stu Nicholls. 0509
How to Create a Frames Layout with CSS
By far the most sought after use of CSS is to emulate the dated html 'frame' layout, whereby the header, navigation and footer stay on screen at all times and the content area will scroll. This week, you'll learn how to all these things with CSS. By Stu Nicholls. 0426
How to Create Flick Animations with CSS
Fed up with Flash and GIF animations? Try out the new alternative - CSS Flick Animation. These animations normally appear as static images on the page but they spring into life when you move your mouse across them. By Stu Nicholls. 0422
How to Create a Photographic Gallery Using CSS
Web sites (both personal and professional) often make use of galleries to show off photographs, artwork, etc. This week you'll learn how to create a professional gallery using an unordered list of photographs and a Cascading Style Sheet (CSS). By Stu Nicholls. 0412
How to Create an Image Map Using CSS
This week, you will learn how to turn an ordinary definition list into an image map using nothing more than CSS, and what's more, it should work in all modern browsers, including IE 5.5. Each styling step is fully explained so you can see how to implement it for yourself. By Stu Nicholls. 0329
How to use CSS for Flickerless Image Replacement
One major use of CSS is the styling of unordered lists used to hold menu links. This week, you'll learn how to remove the unordered list items, replace them with images and using two images per link, have a hover state that is flicker free in Internet Explorer. By Stu Nicholls. 0314
Book Review: Integrated HTML and CSS
Traditionally, when learning to code web pages, HTML is taught first, followed by CSS, but since both are related, it would make more sense to teach both at the same time. In this book, HTML and CSS are combined, making them faster to learn. Designed with the beginner in mind, this book assumes no prior knowledge of HTML or CSS. By Lee Underwood. 0309
CSS: Cascading Style Sheets Made Easy
HTML was originally intended to be used to define the content of a document using tags such as <h1>, <p>, <table>,etc. As browsers evolved, it became difficult to create web sites where the content was separated from the presentation layout. To solve the problem, styles were created. This article is a brief introduction to CSS and how it works. By Taylor Anderson. 0207
Review: TopStyle Pro 3.11
Of the many ways to create and edit web pages, TopStyle Pro is a (X)HTML/CSS editor; a combination which helps to save time in the editing process. If you like HomeSite, you'll love TopStyle Pro. By Lee Underwood. 0120
Is Your Domain Name Safe?
Advanced CSS Layouts
Learn how to create complex table-like layouts with CSS. We replicate WebReference.com's front page using only CSS and lots of iterations. By Rogelio Vizcaino Lizaola and Andy King.
Cascading Style Sheets: Separating Content from Presentation
This glasshaus excerpt outlines both the historical events driving the need for CSS based page development and a basic introduction of CSS itself.
CSS A Beginner's Guide
From McGraw-Hill. Our excerpt from chapter 11 covers the CSS visual model; discussing at length the box model and associated box properties.
HTML with Style
Our archived HTML/CSS tutorials will make sure you're up to code. Whether you're a beginning Web coder, or an advanced developer, Stephanos will give you the foundation you need to look and perform your best. By Stephanos Piperoglou.
Making Headlines with CSS
It only takes a dash of CSS to spice up otherwise bland content and grab your reader's attention. In this tutorial, guest author Christopher Schmitt provides specific examples for dressing up your page and section headers.
Style Sheets Syntax
A quick look at the basics in using style sheets within your Web pages. From the IDG book, HTML Web Publishing Secrets.
Using Multiple CSS Classes on Elements
Making use of the latest coding standards not only makes a Web developer's job easier, but can also result in smaller pages. Applying multiple CSS classes to individual elements allows you to style your HTML with less overall bytes. By Eddie Traversa.

Other Guides

Style Sheets
This page introduces the basic concepts of cascading style sheets, and links to examples and resources. In addition there is also a tutorial which shows you the basic mechanisms of style sheets.
WebDeveloper.com's Guide to Cascading Style Sheets
Cascading Style Sheets are a clean way to make sure the text on all your pages looks exactly the way you want...almost like XML for designers. Read all about CSS in this lucid explanation full of live examples.
Authoring Stylesheets
Useful stylesheet tutorials to get you started, from the folks at Webmonkey.
Between the Style Sheets
An article from WebReview that includes examples for beginners of style sheet implementation. By Jennifer Jensen.
CSS Help
A multisectional tutorial center with pages on CSS tables, fonts, text, cursors, lists and more. Lots of non-CSS reference info as well.
Cascading Style Sheets
The top resource on style sheets. From W3C.
Cascading Style Sheets: Designing for the Web
The home page of the book by the authorities of CSS, Håkon Wium Lie and Bert Bos. With online sample selections of seven chapters of the book.
Cascading Style Sheet Guide
An indepth reference on style sheets with sections on syntax, selectors, and declaring shorthands. By Brian Wilson.
Effective Use of Style Sheets
Not a tutorial but rather a guide to CSS implementation, with a side bar to Style Sheets vs. Frames as Web Extensions. By Jakob Nielsen.
Get Started with Cascading Style Sheets
A valuable and comprehensive guide to style sheets. Includes a reference table. By Matt Rotter and Charity Kahn.

Tools

Cascade
Freeware CSS2 editor.
CSS Check
Check the syntax and style of your Cascading Style Sheets with this CSS lint. Just type in the URL online or upload the file from your computer.
CSS Validator
CSS Validation service from the W3C. You can download the Validator or upload your file or you can validate by URI also.
Sheet Stylist
application for Windows 95 / NT 4 and compatible, which allows you to directly create and maintain CSS files, apply those styles, and also to edit style definitions wherever they are.
StyleSheet Maker++
This authoring tool allows construction of full featured Cascading Style Sheets, with full control of Text Placement, Font Styles, Backgrounds, and more.

Collections

Computers: Programming: Internet: CSS
The Open Directory listing of CSS resources, with tools, tutorials, samples, and more.
The House of Style
CSS: tutorials, references, book reviews, browser support tables, software, the spec, and more.
CSS
Informative collection of style sheet resources. From PCWebopaedia.
Microsoft's CSS Gallery
Links to sites using CSS, graphical text demos, tutorials and other information.
Style Sheet Reference Guide
Information about which CSS aspects are standard to which browers and which standards aren't standard at all. Also lists other CSS resources. From WebReview.



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Revised: December 11, 2002

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